Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Reviews

A standardized pathology report for gastric cancer: 2nd edition: Young Soo Park, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Baek-hui Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Dong-Wook Kang, Mi-Jin Gu, Ok Ran Shin, Younghee Choi, Wonae Lee, Hyunki Kim, In Hye Song, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Guhyun Kang, Do Youn Park, So-Young Jin, Joon Mee Kim, Yoon Jung Choi, Hee Kyung Chang, Soomin Ahn, Mee Soo Chang, Song-Hee Han, Yoonjin Kwak, An Na Seo, Sung Hak Lee, Mee-Yon Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(1):1-27. Published online January 15, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.12.23

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The first edition of ‘A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer’ was initiated by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists and published 17 years ago. Since then, significant advances have been made in the pathologic diagnosis, molecular genetics, and management of gastric cancer (GC). To reflect those changes, a committee for publishing a second edition of the report was formed within the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. This second edition consists of two parts: standard data elements and conditional data elements. The standard data elements contain the basic pathologic findings and items necessary to predict the prognosis of GC patients, and they are adequate for routine surgical pathology service. Other diagnostic and prognostic factors relevant to adjuvant therapy, including molecular biomarkers, are classified as conditional data elements to allow each pathologist to selectively choose items appropriate to the environment in their institution. We trust that the standardized pathology report will be helpful for GC diagnosis and facilitate large-scale multidisciplinary collaborative studies.

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Genomic and Transcriptomic Characterization of Gastric Cancer with Bone Metastasis
Sujin Oh, Soo Kyung Nam, Keun-Wook Lee, Hye Seung Lee, Yujun Park, Yoonjin Kwak, Kyu Sang Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, Minsu Kang, Young Suk Park, Sang-Hoon Ahn, Yun-Suhk Suh, Do Joong Park, Hyung Ho Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(1): 219. CrossRef
Microscopic tumor mapping of post-neoadjuvant therapy pancreatic cancer specimens to predict post-surgical recurrence: A prospective cohort study
Yeshong Park, Yeon Bi Han, Jinju Kim, MeeYoung Kang, Boram Lee, Eun Sung Ahn, Saemi Han, Haeryoung Kim, Hee-Young Na, Ho-Seong Han, Yoo-Seok Yoon
Pancreatology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Resectable Gastric Cancer: Analysis from a Western Academic Center
Elliott J. Yee, Danielle Gilbert, Jeffrey Kaplan, Sachin Wani, Sunnie S. Kim, Martin D. McCarter, Camille L. Stewart
Cancers.2024; 16(7): 1428. CrossRef
Pathological Interpretation of Gastric Tumors in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Jung Yeon Kim
Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2023; 11(1): 15. CrossRef
Histopathology of Gastric Cancer
Baek-hui Kim, Sung Hak Lee
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2023; 23(2): 143. CrossRef
Endoscopic submucosal dissection hands-on training with artificial mucosal layer EndoGEL
Tae-Se Kim, Jun Haeng Lee
Journal of Innovative Medical Technology.2023; 1(1): 5. CrossRef

Standardized Pathology Report for Colorectal Cancer, 2nd Edition: Baek-hui Kim, Joon Mee Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Hee Jin Chang, Dong Wook Kang, Jung Ho Kim, Jeong Mo Bae, An Na Seo, Ho Sung Park, Yun Kyung Kang, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Mee Yon Cho, In-Gu Do, Hye Seung Lee, Hee Kyung Chang, Do Youn Park, Hyo Jeong Kang, Jin Hee Sohn, Mee Soo Chang, Eun Sun Jung, So-Young Jin, Eunsil Yu, Hye Seung Han, Youn Wha Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):1-19. Published online November 13, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.09.28

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

The first edition of the ‘Standardized Pathology Report for Colorectal Cancer,’ which was developed by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group (GIP) of the Korean Society of Pathologists, was published 13 years ago. Meanwhile, there have been many changes in the pathologic diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), pathologic findings included in the pathology report, and immunohistochemical and molecular pathology required for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. In order to reflect these changes, we (GIP) decided to make the second edition of the report. The purpose of this standardized pathology report is to provide a practical protocol for Korean pathologists, which could help diagnose and treat CRC patients. This report consists of “standard data elements” and “conditional data elements.” Basic pathologic findings and parts necessary for prognostication of CRC patients are classified as “standard data elements,” while other prognostic factors and factors related to adjuvant therapy are classified as “conditional data elements” so that each institution could select the contents according to the characteristics of the institution. The Korean version is also provided separately so that Korean pathologists can easily understand and use this report. We hope that this report will be helpful in the daily practice of CRC diagnosis.

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A standardized pathology report for gastric cancer: 2nd edition
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A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer: 2nd Edition
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Tumor immune response and immunotherapy in gastric cancer: Yoonjin Kwak, An Na Seo, Hee Eun Lee, Hye Seung Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(1):20-33. Published online November 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.10.08

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Abstract PDF

Remarkable developments in immuno-oncology have changed the landscape of gastric cancer (GC) treatment. Because immunotherapy intervenes with tumor immune response rather than directly targeting tumor cells, it is important to develop a greater understanding of tumor immunity. This review paper summarizes the tumor immune reaction and immune escape mechanisms while focusing on the role of T cells and their co-inhibitory signals, such as the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death-1 and programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1). This paper also describes past clinical trials of immunotherapy for patients with GC and details their clinical implications. Strong predictive markers are essential to improve response to immunotherapy. Microsatellite instability, Epstein-Barr virus, PD-L1 expression, and tumor mutational burden are now regarded as potent predictive markers for immunotherapy in patients with GC. Novel immunotherapy and combination therapy targeting new immune checkpoint molecules such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3, T cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain containing-3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase have been suggested, and trials are ongoing to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Immunotherapy is an important treatment option for patients with GC and has great potential for improving patient outcome, and further research in immuno-oncology should be carried out.

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Case Report

Rectal Invasion by Prostatic Adenocarcinoma That Was Initially Diagnosed in a Rectal Polyp on Colonoscopy: Ghilsuk Yoon, Man-Hoon Han, An Na Seo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):266-269. Published online April 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.03.25

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Despite anatomical proximity, prostatic adenocarcinoma with rectal invasion is extremely rare. We present a case of rectal invasion by prostatic adenocarcinoma that was initially diagnosed from a rectal polyp biopsied on colonoscopy in a 69-year-old Korean man. He presented with dull anal pain and voiding discomfort for several days. Computed tomography revealed either prostatic adenocarcinoma with rectal invasion or rectal adenocarcinoma with prostatic invasion. His tumor marker profile showed normal prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and significantly elevated carcinoembryonic antigen level. Colonoscopy was performed, and a specimen was obtained from a round, 1.5 cm, sessile polyp that was 1.5 cm above the anal verge. Microscopically, glandular tumor structures infiltrated into the rectal mucosa and submucosa. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase positivity, PSA positivity, and caudal-related homeobox 2 negativity. The final diagnosis of the rectal polyp was consistent with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Here, we present a rare case that could have been misdiagnosed as rectal adenocarcinoma.

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Guillaume Abitbol, Clémence Barthomeuf, Olivier Varennes, Marine Clement, Sami Hakim, Denis Chatelain
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Brief Case Report

Gastric Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation: A Case Report: Han-Ik Bae, Chaeyoon Lee, Young-Min Jo, Ohkyung Kwon, Wansik Yu, Mee-Seon Kim, An Na Seo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(4):318-321. Published online January 11, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.10.17

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Original Articles

SALL4 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinomas Is Associated with EpCAM-Positivity and a Poor Prognosis: Hyunjin Park, Hyejung Lee, An Na Seo, Jai Young Cho, Young Rok Choi, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Ho-Seong Han, Young Nyun Park, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(5):373-381. Published online August 10, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.09

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Abstract PDF

Background
There is increasing interest in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) expressing “stemness”-related markers, as they have been associated with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a recently proposed candidate marker of “stemness.” Methods: Immunohistochemical stains were performed for SALL4, K19, and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tissue microarrays constructed from 190 surgically resected HCCs, and the results were correlated with the clinicopathological features and patient survival data. Results: Nuclear SALL4 expression was observed in 39/190 HCCs (20.5%), while K19 and EpCAM were expressed in 30 (15.9%) and 92 (48.7%) HCCs, respectively. The nuclear expression was generally weak, punctate or clumped. SALL4 expression was significantly associated with a poor overall survival compared to SALL4-negative HCCs (p = .014) compared to SALL4-negative HCCs. On multivariate analysis adjusted for tumor size, multiplicity, vascular invasion, and pathological tumor stage, SALL4 remained as a significant independent predictor of decreased overall survival (p= .004). SALL4 expression was positively correlated with EpCAM expression (p = .013) but not with K19 expression. HCCs that expressed both SALL4 and EpCAM were associated with significantly decreased overall survival, compared to those cases which were negative for both of these markers (p = .031). Conclusions: Although SALL4 expression was not significantly correlated with other clinicopathological parameters suggestive of tumor aggressiveness, SALL4 expression was an independent predictor of poor overall survival in human HCCs, and was also positively correlated with EpCAM expression.

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Expression of c-MET in Invasive Meningioma: Sumi Yun, Jae Moon Koh, Kyu Sang Lee, An Na Seo, Kyung Han Nam, Gheeyoung Choe; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(1):44-51. Published online January 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2014.10.13

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Abstract PDF

Background
Meningiomas show high recurrence rates even after curative tumor removal. The invasiveness of meningiomas may contribute to their high recurrence rates. Recently, c-MET and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) have been reported to be involved in cancer invasion. Methods: We examined the immunohistochemical expression of c-MET and HGF in 100 cases of patients with meningiomas who have undergone complete tumor removal. Results: c-MET^-High and HGFHigh were found in 17% and 13% of meningiomas, respectively. Brain invasion was observed in 17.6% of c-MET^-High meningiomas, but in only 2.4% of c-MET^-Low meningiomas (p=.033). Bone/ soft tissue invasion was observed in 23.5% of c-MET^-High meningiomas and in 9.6% of c-MET^-Low meningiomas (p=.119). HGF^-High did not show statistical association with brain invasion or bone/ soft tissue invasion. c-MET^-High demonstrated shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS, 93.5±8.2 months vs 96.1±1.9 months); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=.139). There was no association of HGF^-High with RFS. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that c- MET^-High is associated with brain invasion of meningiomas, and that c-MET expression may be a useful predictive marker for meningioma recurrence. Patients with invasive meningiomas with high expressions of c-MET may be good candidates for targeted therapy using c-MET inhibitors.

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Effects of Fixation and Storage of Human Tissue Samples on Nucleic Acid Preservation: Soo Kyung Nam, Joon Im, Yoonjin Kwak, Nayoung Han, Kyung Han Nam, An Na Seo, Hye Seung Lee; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(1):36-42. Published online February 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.36

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Abstract PDF

Background

Because of recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of cancer patients, tissue quality has become more important in daily practice.

Methods

To evaluate the effects of fixative, duration of fixation, decalcification, and storage periods on nucleic acid integrity, DNA and RNA were extracted from gastrointestinal cancer tissue. The yield and purity were analyzed, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; 60 bp), β-actin (148 bp), and human growth hormone (hGH; 434 bp) and real-time reverse transcription-PCR for β-actin (97 bp) were performed.

Results

All formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and methacarn-fixed paraffin-embedded (MFPE) samples tested positive for GAPDH and β-actin by PCR. hGH was successfully detected in all MFPE samples, but in only 46.7% of the FFPE samples. Prolonged formalin fixation resulted in fewer GAPDH and β-actin PCR products, and amplification of hGH was not successful. The PCR and reverse transcription-PCR results were significantly affected by the duration of decalcification. The yield, purity, and integrity of mRNA progressively decreased with increased storage periods of paraffin blocks.

Conclusions

Fixation and storage should therefore be standardized in order to improve the quality of molecular pathologic diagnosis.

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Immunohistochemical Classification of Primary and Secondary Glioblastomas: Kyu Sang Lee, Gheeyoung Choe, Kyung Han Nam, An Na Seo, Sumi Yun, Kyung Ju Kim, Hwa Jin Cho, Sung Hye Park; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(6):541-548. Published online December 24, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.6.541

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Abstract PDF

Background

Glioblastomas may develop de novo (primary glioblastomas, P-GBLs) or through progression from lower-grade astrocytomas (secondary glioblastomas, S-GBLs). The aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical classification of glioblastomas with clinically determined P-GBLs and S-GBLs to identify the best combination of antibodies for immunohistochemical classification.

Methods

We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH-1) in 150 glioblastoma cases.

Results

According to clinical history, the glioblastomas analyzed in this study consisted of 146 P-GBLs and 4 S-GBLs. Immunohistochemical expression of EGFR, p53, and IDH-1 was observed in 62.6%, 49.3%, and 11.1%, respectively. Immunohistochemical profiles of EGFR(+)/p53(-), IDH-1(-)/EGFR(+)/p53(-), and EGFR(-)/p53(+) were noted in 41.3%, 40.2%, and 28.7%, respectively. Expression of IDH-1 and EGFR(-)/p53(+) was positively correlated with young age. The typical immunohistochemical features of S-GBLs comprised IDH-1(+)/EGFR(-)/p53(+), and were noted in 3.6% of clinically P-GBLs. The combination of IDH-1(-) or EGFR(+) was the best set of immunohistochemical stains for identifying P-GBLs, whereas the combination of IDH-1(+) and EGFR(-) was best for identifying S-GBLs.

Conclusions

We recommend a combination of IDH-1 and EGFR for immunohistochemical classification of glioblastomas. We expect our results to be useful for determining treatment strategies for glioblastoma patients.

Citations

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Diagnostics.2023; 13(6): 1046. CrossRef
Primary Extra-axial Glioblastoma: Case Report and Literature Review
Baraa Dabboucy, Philippe Younes, Abdallah Rahbani, Elie Fahed, Gérard Abadjian
Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery.2021; 40(04): e368. CrossRef
TERT Promoter Mutation in Adult Glioblastomas: It's Correlation with Other Relevant Molecular Markers
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Michael Nweke, Gabriel Ogun, Amos Adeleye, Clement A. Okolo, Adekunle Adesina
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Comparison of the DNA Preservation in Neutral-Buffered Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue and in Non-Buffered Formalin Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue.: An Na Seo, Jae Hoon Kim, Dakeun Lee, Ji Yun Jeong, Ji Young Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):549-556.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.549

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The preservation of optimized DNA and its extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are important issues. There has been some doubt over whether 10% neutral-buffered formalin is an ideal fixation solution for DNA preservation over non-buffered formalin, as conventionally recommended. In this study, the correlation between the efficiency of DNA extraction from FFPE tissues and buffered formalin was evaluated.
METHODS
Several tissues with same conditions except fixatives were fixed in four different formalin solution groups and were routinely processed as paraffin-embedding protocols. DNAs were extracted from four different FFPE tissues that were stored for over 3 months and over 9 months. The quantity and quality of the DNAs were assessed with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and degradation were analyzed via microchip electrophoresis. KRAS mutation analysis and microsatellite instability (BAT25) PCR were performed with each sample.
RESULTS
The results showed no remarkable difference in the four groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The study findings demonstrate that DNA preservation is fairly unaffected by a neutral buffer where there is short formalin manufacture period and an adequate formalin fixation time before embedding in paraffin.

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Comparison of Direct Sequencing, PNA Clamping-Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Pyrosequencing Methods for the Detection ofEGFRMutations in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma and the Correlation with Clinical Responses to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Hyun Ju Lee, Xianhua Xu, Hyojin Kim, Yan Jin, Pingli Sun, Ji Eun Kim, Jin-Haeng Chung
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(1): 52. CrossRef

Case Report

Cytologic Distinctive Features of Brenner Tumor.: Jung Sik Jang, An Na Seo, Seon Jae Lee, Ji Young Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(2):223-226.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.2.223

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20 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Herein, we present two cases of Brenner tumor, a rarely occurring neoplasm in the ovaries, obtained via intraoperative fine needle aspiration. The borderline Brenner tumor exhibited marked squamous metaplasia, characterized by individually distributed atypical squamous cells. A benign Brenner tumor associated with mucinous cystadenoma evidenced typical mucinous metaplastic features and transitional foci. These distinctive features may prove helpful in differential diagnosis of varied ovarian tumors, and particularly for intraoperative consultation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Pre‐operative cytodiagnosis of an adult granulosa cell tumour: report of a case with its differential diagnosis
S. R. Jinkala, S. E. Jacob, S. Neelaiah, B. A. Badhe
Cytopathology.2014; 25(1): 63. CrossRef

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